Information systems (IS) development

Information systems (IS) development Introduction In the recent years, there has been emphasis on business approaches. The idea has highlighted need for a mechanism to elicit, represent and validate the requirements that would focus on co-development activities that aim at enhancing alignment between support technical systems and business processes (Vasilecas, 1983).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Information systems (IS) development specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More After several studies and researches, experts and scholars brought the idea of systems development as a solution to the business problem. In systems development, the key challenge encountered during domain experts’ engagement is to articulate, agree and validate the systems. The challenge is usually common in the early requirements’ phase where multiple parties from different organization’s divisions need to come to a consensus of the intended systems (Vacilecas, 1983) . Decisions made at this level should focus on the effects of the economic and technical feasibility of the project. The professionals in information systems should not only focus on the functionality and non-functionality of the intended systems but should also focus on the organizational needs and contexts (Vacilecas, 1983). In the development of the information systems, the first stage is to describe and model the real problem that provides the need for the system. The modelling process gives way to facilitate the analyst-client communication. This process is therefore mainly used to bring the analyst and stockholders on the agreement of the intended systems as agreed during their engagements. This paper examines information systems, enterprise resource planning, different information systems, development approaches or methods and their illustration with diagrams, the intended retail industry with clarification of the reasons for the industry and finally the conclusion of the rep ort (Vacilecas, 1983). Information Systems An information system is a combination of integrated information technology and people, who support, manage and make decisions (Reynolds Stair, 2011). Its purpose is to enhance communication or interactions between people, data, technology and process. The term does not, therefore, refer to software and technology used in communication in an organization but also includes people who interact and support the technology.Advertising Looking for report on other technology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In business, an information system mainly focuses on the end use of the information technology (Lang, Wojtkowski, Wojtkowski, 2009). It, therefore, serves the end users in a business. It works to process information in a business through capturing, storing, transmitting, manipulating, retrieving and displaying information. The system thus acts to inter-relate data and activity systems. Information system consists of computers, people, procedures/instructions, and stored facts. The IS may be categorized into four parts depending on the intended purpose. These categories are the management information systems, transaction-processing systems, executive information systems and decision support system (Lang, Wojtkowski Wojtkowski, 2009). Enterprise Resource Planning An enterprise resource planning is a system that integrates the internal and external business or organizational information (Reynolds Stair, 2011). It interconnects all the divisions of an organization and the external sources of information to the business or organization. In an organization, the enterprise planning system interconnects the finance department, human resource department and operations. In addition, the ERP systems also ensure that there is an interconnection in a certain department (Reynolds Stair, 2011). On other hand, the enterprise resource planning facilitates the communic ation between the business and its stakeholders. It runs on a variety of network and hardware configurations that employ database as a storage for the information. The enterprise resource planning system has the following characteristics: it operates in real time through integrated system that do not rely on a periodic updates, supports all applications by use of a common database, a consistent look and simple installations of the systems. The installation of enterprise resource planning system does not require elaborate information technology department, as application and data integration are usually simple. It comprises the transaction database, management portal, external access, management of documents, messaging, and management of workflow, search, report customization and business intelligence system (Reynolds Stair, 2011). Information System (IS) Development Methods/Approaches The information system methodology refers to framework used in the development of the systems. Sys tem development starts with understanding and analyzing the problem (Lang, Wojtkowski Wojtkowski, 2009). This gives the idea of the system required to solve the problem.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Information systems (IS) development specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In system development, both the stakeholders and the system analysis engage in several instances to articulate, agree and validate the problems of the business and further make a decision of the system to be used (Vacilecas, 1983). During these approaches, they involve a specialist who gives them advice and guidelines that are required to solve their problem and the most appropriate system to their problems. However, after the identification of the problem and requirements’ specifications, development of the system follows, which may be done in various approaches. These approaches include: System Development Life Cycle The software developm ent life cycle is a process that involves phases, the first phase being the analysis. The aim of the analysis is to identify the problem that needs a system. It starts by bringing drown the system into various situation analysis that focuses on the problem, goal analysis that evaluates the objectives set for the system, user analysis that defines the requirements of the user from the system and need analysis that evaluates and defines the needs of the system. In requirement analysis, the client’s team and provider should give detail and accurate specifications in order to elaborate on the requirements (Newcomb Ulrich, 2010). The second phase is design, which involves intensive functions and operations that describe the details of the requirements. The phase documents requirement is to have a clear understanding of the business layouts, rules and process diagrams. Further, in this phase the developers describe the desired features of the systems in sufficient detail in respec t to the requirements from the user. This stage fully describes the new system to apply (Lang, Wojtkowski Wojtkowski, 2009). The third phase is on implementation where after the system design, the real code of the system is written. The developer takes systematic instruction procedure from the design phase to write a code. The fourth phase is on testing where at this stage, the software is brought to the real environment (Reynolds Stair, 2011). The software is installed and tested to assert its functionality where the code of the software is tested on various levels to ensure that the software meets all the requirements of the business. The testing of defect, system integration, user acceptance, automation and performance take place at this very stage.Advertising Looking for report on other technology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More If the software test is successful, the software goes to the final stage of its evaluation. At this phase the software is now already present in the information system. Evaluation of the system serves to the purpose of solving various business problems (Reynolds Stair, 2011). If it succeeds then the business adopts and maintains the system. Prototyping In prototyping, the initial stage is finding the problem that makes the business require a system (Newcomb Ulrich, 2010). After realizing and analysis of the problem, the developer comes up with the initial software that is brought to the real environment. The system is then usually released to the user who interacts with it to provide the feedback on the system. After the feedback, the developer analyzes it so that he/she could incorporate the requirements into the feedback in engineering the second version (Newcomb Ulrich, 2010). The second version then follows the same process of evaluation until the system meets the expected r equirements and performance. Application Software Package Application software refers to software that has been in use in business for several decades. The software is meant for commercial purposes and the client can acquire them from the developers at certain costs. This solves the business problems without developing internal software for the business (Lang, Wojtkowski Wojtkowski, 2009). In this approach, the initial stage turns out to be problem identification in the business and its analysis accordingly. After the analysis, the business parties, owners and the stakeholder, give their requirements on the system to adopt to solve their problems. The software analyst or experts after it do analysis of the requirements and evaluate them to find the best software in the market that can meet the needs. The analyst advises the business on the best software that meets their requirements and problem (Lang, Wojtkowski Wojtkowski, 2009). He/she purchases the software on behalf of the bu siness that they bring to test and give feedback. If the software does not meet the requirements and performance, the users give the feedback, for an adoption of the second software. The process repeats until the software is adopted that meets the required performance and specifications (Lang, Wojtkowski Wojtkowski, 2009). End User Software Development In this model, after the identification of the problem, the stakeholders discuss the requirements of the system intended to solve the problem. The role of designing the software passes to users who develop the system intended. The end users analyze the requirements and the specifications of the required system, so that they can start the design. After design, the end user writes the real code using fourth generation software tools (4GL) (Newcomb Ulrich, 2010). After that, the written software proceeds to the next stage, the evaluation stage. If the software meets the requirements, functionality and specification required by the bus iness is sustained otherwise it goes back to the previous stages until it meets the required specifications. Outsourcing of the Software In this approach, an enterprise identifies its problems and specifies its requirements that are absorbed by a software consultant. After the evaluation of the problems and requirements, the consultant does an investigation of a vendor who experienced the same problem in the past and had the same and similar software requirements. He/she advises the enterprise to buy software and evaluate its performance to meet the system specification. If the software meets the specification, then the company fully adopts the system, otherwise it goes to the consultant to identify alternative software until they find software that meets their specifications (Lang, Wojtkowski Wojtkowski 2009). Retail Industry Retail industry refers to an economic sector owned by individuals and/or companies that deal in distribution and selling of finished products to consumers (Segel, 2008). The business owners must interact with their consumers who are the end-users, store, record and retrieve data and they thus need an information system. The best option in the retail industry would be the pharmaceutical sub retail. Several pharmaceuticals all over the world use information system software. This gives a benefit of having software for adoption by the enterprise. In addition, there are several consultants and software developers in the field of pharmaceutical that will expose me to various and numerous skills, experience as well as competence. Further more, pharmaceutical industry does not require complicated systems that will give an advantage in development of the systems. Pharmaceuticals, on the other hand, do not require many stakeholders during their decision-making. This enhances quick agreement on requirements that make it simple to deal with the industry (Segel, 2008). It further gives a benefit of not so many end-users using the information syste ms that make it simple in the evaluation and testing of the systems. In system development the main challenge is the agreement on the requirement and in the pharmaceutical industry agreement, the challenges are simply solved out. Further, the existence of software in market that is applicable in the industry gives several approaches to put in place during the development of the software. This gives an advantage of having software that has been in operation that gives in its turn an assurance of sustenance in the enterprise. In addition, in the pharmaceutical, the availability of fewer end-users that use the system gives a benefit of the systems which do not develop major problems and this makes the work as a consultant, less demanding. Approach Chosen As a consultant, I would like to choose to use outsourcing of the software as my approach to enterprise system development. Currently, there are several enterprises with the same kind of operations almost in every field. The use of the approach would save me as a consultant time spent in the coding of the design into software. Outsourcing as an approach exposes me to several software in use in the field of my enterprise that would help me in making the right choice. This is according to the relationship between the problem to be solved and the problems solved by the software in the firm from which the software is being sourced. Further, the application of the software by the other vendor who is the owner gives me an opportunity to interact with the software in its application by the vendor to find out whether it meets the requirements and specification to solve the problems associated with the adopting enterprise or not Conclusion To sum it up, it should be highlighted that the Information system is important to any enterprise whether it is large or small. The IS functionality in the right manner gives an enterprise the ability to meet its functions and goals. Any business must store data, and communicate with it s end user. The approach used during system development should, therefore, be in a position to help an enterprise to acquire an information system that meets its specifications. This gives the enterprise the ability to meet its goals. Thus, it is important for any enterprise to choose the right methodology while acquiring the IS. References Lang, M., Wojtkowski, G. Wojtkowski, W. (2009). Information systems development: challenges in practice, theory and education. New York: Springer Science Business Media, LLC. Newcomb, P., Ulrich, W. (2010). Information systems transformation: Architecture-driven modernization case. Burlington: Morgan Kaufmann Publishers. Reynolds, G. Stair, R. (2011) Principles of information systems. Boston: Cengage Learning. Segel, R. (2008). Retail business kit for dummies. Indiana: Wiley Publishing Inc. Vasilecas, O. (2005). Information systems development: advances in theory, practice  and education. New York: Springer Science Business Media, LLC.

Definition and Examples of a Submerged Metaphor

Definition and Examples of a Submerged Metaphor A submerged metaphor is a type of metaphor (or figurative comparison) in which one of the terms (either the vehicle or the tenor) is implied rather than stated explicitly. In the book Myth and Mind (1988), Harvey Birenbaum observes that submerged metaphors lend the force of their associations in a subliminal way but are likely to be disruptive if they are realized too explicitly. Examples and Observations A submerged metaphor is  an implied comparison made in one or two words (usually verbs, nouns, adjectives). Example: Coach Smith mended the losing pitchers hurt feelings. (Not literally; he just tried to make him feel better.)​  (Patrick Sebranek,  Write Source 2000: A Guide to Writing, Thinking and Learning, 4th ed., 2000) Time and Change Metaphors Examples of submerged metaphor in the vocabulary include the lexical sub-system for constructing the meaning, or the set of concepts, that we call time and change. Expressions like time passes, as time goes by are based on the metaphor time is a moving object. Expressions like the elections are approaching, his mistakes are catching up with him are based on the metaphor events are objects moving along a path. Expressions like we are approaching the election, he thought he had left his mistakes behind him, and even we are going to win are based on the metaphor people are objects moving through time.​  (Paul Anthony Chilton and Christina Schffner, Politics as Text and Talk: Analytic Approaches to Political Discourse. John Benjamins, 2002) James Joyces Submerged Metaphors Reading Ulysses often depends upon recognizing the submerged metaphor in the stream of consciousness of the major characters. This is especially true of Stephen whose mind works in metaphorical terms. For example, Stephens association of the sea with the bowl of white china . . . holding [his mothers] green sluggish bile which she had torn up from her rotting liver by fits of loud groaning vomiting depends upon his responding to Mulligans shaving bowl as a transitive but submerged metaphor signified by the present members of the metaphorical seriesthe sea and the bowl of bileand in turn signifying them (U.5; I.108-110). Stephen is a hydrophobe whose neurosis depends upon metaphors taking precedence over logic.​  (Daniel R. Schwarz, Reading Joyces Ulysses. Macmillan, 1987) Also Known As: implicit metaphor

History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 51

History - Essay Example This alliance was renewed in subsequent year’s i.e. 1887, 1907 and 1912. On the other hand, the triple Entente comprised of Great Britain, France and Russia, who were opposed to the nations in the triple alliance. France was the first to express its fear of the threats posed by this alliance. Britain also expressed its concern over the developments in the German Navy and in 1904 the two nations entered the entente Cordiale or simply put a friendly understanding. The main objective of this alliance was to promote co-operation against an apparent threat by Germany. Three years following the formation of this alliance Russia fearing the growth of Germany army Joined France and Britain to establish the Triple Entente. As opposed to the triple alliance, triple entente did not provide that each nation goes to war on behalf of the others; however it maintained that all members uphold a ‘moral obligation† to support each other. The First World War which began in the month of August 1914 had both direct and indirect causes. The direct cause was the assassination of Franz Ferdinand, the archduke of Austria, together with his wife at Sarajevo on 28th June 1914. This event that was linked to Gavrilo Princip, a Bosnian revolutionary, only served as a trigger that set off declarations of the war. However, there are other Arguable causes that include: The existence of alliances that had been signed by concerned nations between 1879 and 1914. These alliances carried a significant implication on the later developments since some countries had no otherwise but to declare war in case any of the members ally declared war first. Such is the case that alliances reflected agreement between two or more nations to support each other whenever a need arises. Imperialism was the other cause and was evidenced by the concerned countries taking over new lands and making them subject to their control. Here, the rival nations

Strategic managment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Strategic managment - Essay Example The similarities and the differences of both cases can be understood only if referring to key elements of these strategies but also to their background – i.e. the needs that led to the design and the implementation of these strategies and which were the expectations of their initiators; the success of these efforts would be also another issue for consideration especially when evaluating the tools and the analyses used for the development of the particular projects. In Uganda, the DISH project was actively supported by the country’s Ministry of Health. The project focused primarily on the prevention of expansion of HIV and TFRs – also of STD – among the population; a wide range of communication campaigns were developed across the country for a period of 8 years. The project was implemented gradually – i.e. in two phases. Its first phase began in 1994 and lasted for 5 years (see case study). The second phase began in 1999 and lasted for 3 years. In other words, the project was completed on 2002. The communication with the public – through appropriately designed communication campaigns – was the main strategic tool of the specific project. Another detail related with the implementation of the DISH project is the fact that a detailed SWOT analysis was developed before the implementation of the project in the country. The needs of the local society but also the challenges related with the development of thi s project were therefore carefully addressed before the realization of the project’s various activities. Despite the fact that the specific project was initiated by the state (ministry of health) it was developed and monitored by a private organization – Pathfinder International; a series of organizations were participated in the various phases of the project (like the JHU/ CCP and the University of North Carolina). The project was funded by the United States (Agency for International Development). In

Branches of Psychology Essay Example for Free

Branches of Psychology Essay Abnormal psychology is the area that looks at psychopathology and abnormal behavior. 2. Behavioral Psychology (Behaviorism) )Is a theory of learning based upon the idea that all behaviors are acquired through conditioning. 3. Biopsychology It is focused on the study of how the brain influences behavior is often known as biopsychology. 4. Cognitive Psychology Focuses on internal states, such as motivation, problem solving, decision-making, thinking and attention. 5. Comparative Psychology Comparative psychology is the branch of psychology concerned with the study of animal behavior. 6. Cross-Cultural Psychology Branch of psychology that looks at how cultural factors influence human behavior. 7. Developmental PsychologyThis branch of psychology looks at development throughout the lifespan, from childhood to adulthood. 8. Educational PsychologyBranch of psychology concerned with schools, teaching psychology, educational issues and student concerns. 9. Experimental PsychologyBranch of psychology that utilizes scientific methods to research the brain and behavior. 10. Forensic PsychologyForensic psychology is a specialty area that deals with issues related to psychology and the law 11. Health PsychologyIt is focused on how biology, psychology, behavior and social factors influence health and illness. 12. Personality PsychologyIt is focused on the patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behavior that make a person unique. 13. Social PsychologySocial psychology seeks to explain and understand social behavior and looks at diverse topics. 4. Sports psychology Is a interdisciplinary science that draws on knowledge from the fields of Kinesiology (human kinetic) and Psychology. Mathematical psychology   Is an approach to  psychological  research that is based on mathematical modeling(mathematical concept and language) 16. Clinical psychology Clinical psychology also promotes adoption, adjustment and personal development. 17. Evolutionary psychology This looks at how human behavior has been affected by psychological adjustments during evolution. 8. NeuropsychologyStudy the structure and function of the brain in relation to clear behaviors and psychological processes. 19. Occupational psychology Study the performance of people at work. 20. Integral psychology  Branch of psychology that presents an all-encompassing holistic rather than an exclusivist or reductive approach 21. International  or  global psychology Is an emerging branch of  psychology  that focuses on the worldwide enterprise of psychology in terms of communication and networking. 22. Legal psychologyBranch of psychology  involves  empirical,  psychological  research of the law, legal institutions, and people who come into contact with the law. 23. Media psychology Seeks an understanding of how people perceive, interpret, use, and respond to a media-rich world. 24. Systems psychology Branch of both  theoretical psychology  and  applied psychology  that studies  human behaviour  and  experiencein  complex systems. 25. Theoretical psychology  It is concerned with theoretical and philosophical aspects of the discipline of  psychology.

Failure in a Success Oriented Society in Death of a Salesman Essays

Failure in a Success Oriented Society in Death of a Salesman    In the play Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller, the playwright focuses on the theme of failure in a success oriented society. Willy Lowman, a failed salesman, is the central character. Willy’s downfall is caused by his belief in the propaganda of a society that only has room for winners. The significance of this theme, still very relevant today, is heightened by Miller's skilful use of a range of key techniques, including setting, characterization and symbolism. The drama focuses on the life of a middle aged salesman, Willy Lowman, who, at the outset of the play is on the verge of a nervous breakdown. He lives with his adoring but over protective wife, Linda, who acts as a buffer between her husband and their two adult sons, Biff and Happy, whose relationship with their father is permanently under tension. The play plots the tragic collapse of a man who cannot face up to his moral responsibilities in a society whose false values attach a dangerous importance to success as measured in such transient terms as income and material possessions. Living according to these values means that failure is likewise defined in economic terms. The play's setting contributes to our understanding of the significance of this theme. Willy Lowman's home is presented as 'small and fragile-seeming', dwarfed by a wall of apartment blocks whose presence contributes to the trapped, claustrophobic atmosphere. He makes reference to a time before the build up of this area when there were 'two beautiful elm trees', now cut down by the builder and a garden in which scented wisteria and lilacs bloomed in profusion.Willy complains of the airless quality within his apartment, despite... ...ary society. For today's audience, Willy Lowman remains a poignant figure of failure, partly as a result of society's false value system but partly because of Willy's own inability to confront life with integrity.    Works Cited and Consulted Baym, Franklin, Gottesman, Holland, et al., eds.   The Norton Anthology of American Literature.   4th ed.   New York: Norton, 1994. Corrigan, Robert W., ed. Arthur Miller.   Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1969. Florio, Thomas A., ed. â€Å"Miller’s Tales.† The New Yorker.   70 (1994): 35-36. Hayashi, Tetsumaro.   Arthur Miller Criticism.   Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow Press, 1969. Martin, Robert A., ed. Arthur Miller.   Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1982. Miller, Arthur.   The Archbishop’s Ceiling/The American Clock. New York: Grove Press, 1989. ---.   Death of a Salesman.   New York: Viking, 1965.

Problem Analysis of India

The country of India has been faced with many problems. They have very important short-term problems, which means less time is spent on long term problems. Natural World disasters, wars, drought, and other major problems are more important to these people than such things as over population, pollution, literacy rate and their currency. In this essay I will state the major problems hassling this country. I will give as many statistics as possible, try to decide how to improve these problems, and how we as a developed country, can contribute and help this one billion-person country grow strong. India is the seventh largest country in the World. Approximately 14.5% of the Worlds population live in India. There are more people in India than there are in North and South America together. There is a great diversity in the people of India. Some have great wealth. Others have only a few cents a day to survive on, and a great percentage of the people are homeless. While some attend University and benefit from free education, many more sleep in the streets and have never gone to school. India has many natural resources. It was once thought of as a very wealthy country. There is farmland and ore. The standard of living is very low, partially because these resources have not been fully developed. Living conditions deteriorate yearly because of the huge population growth. A few statistics that give us some idea of the crowded living conditions and standard of living: Life expectancy in India in 1965 was 45 years and in 1883, 53 years. Compared to this Canada was 72 in 1965, and 75 in 1983. The Towards Tomorrow text book said, â€Å"China has 7% of the World's arable land. Canada has 3% but only.5% of the World's people. In China this equals 1/10 of a hector per person. This is 1/9 of the amount in the U.S.A. and  ½ the amount in India† (1987, pg. 42,) The birth rate of India in 1983 was 34 and the death rate was 14. The population growth of 2%, even with extensive birth control efforts has remained the same. It is difficult to exert pressure on the people due to the democratic political system. The population of India is second only to China. The population in 1901 was 238,396,000. The population in 2003 is projected to be 1,069,021,000. If this rate continues without enforcement of birth control, India's population will be more than China's by 2040. There are 777 people per square mile. This country cannot sustain its people. Education, a necessity for population control, is encouraged. There is free schooling for children 6-14 but because they do not have the money to build schools and train teachers, 70% of the population are illiterate. Most children drop out of school by age 11. India ranks fifth among the World's nations in total farm area. Large Indian farms belong to landlords who hire workers. New land reforms have come in giving farmers the right to own their own land. This seemed like a positive step but because of Hindu inheritance customs, the land must be divided among all a man's sons. The share has become too small to provide a living. As a result many families move to urban areas where many live on the streets. This introduces yet another problem. Because of lack of space people take turns sleeping, food is prepared on the floor, people bath and shave in public. There are no windows or chimneys for fresh air and the water supplies are limited. Disease and death run wild. Most Indian people do not eat well. Bread makes up most of their diet. The country has a high death rate because of poor living conditions and diet. Again, the government has taken great steps to fight disease, but as with education, they cannot keep up with the number of clinics and medical personnel needed. Even with its many exports of cotton, peanuts, rice, tea, tobacco, brass, silverware, iron, and leather goods, India is a very poor nation. The average income in India is less than eighty dollars a year. When India became independent from Great Britain, the government had plans to raise the standard of living. Industrial production increased, farm production increased, and even with the huge population explosion the standard of living improved. India pays for it's economic improvements but depends on grants and loans from other countries to buy goods and machinery. All these efforts however fall short of the countries needs. A solution put forth was to grow high yielding wheats. India had great success. It expanded its wheat output from 10 to 26 million tons from 1964 to 1992. In the early 1980's they achieved 35 million tons. This enabled them to dispense with wheat imports. The Towards Tomorrow textbook said, â€Å"Cities say the increase in grain production have been achieved at the expense of social justice. Rich farmers have gained the most. The gap between the rich and poor has widened as a result.† (1987, pg. 102) India's land is divided into four areas says the World Book Encyclopedia, â€Å"14% of the land is irrigated, 41% is non irrigated farmland, 19% is forest land and 26% is barren land.† (1999, vol.10, pg.124) The chief crops grown are rice, wheat, cotton, and nuts. Agriculture provides one half of India's national income. India does not grow enough food to give its people a proper diet. This is partially due to inefficient farming methods and poor equipment. The World Book Encyclopedia says, â€Å"India's foreign trade is over two billion dollars a year. The volume of the imports is much greater than that of the exports.† (1983, vol. 10, pg.106) India has one of the largest economies in the World in terms of its GDP. India is considered as a developing country, however, because it has such a large population that the GDP is very low per capita. It is considered one of the poorest countries in the World. In review there are several solutions that could help India deal with its population crisis and declining standard of living. They are, 1. Improved education, so people can move beyond a â€Å"peasant existence† with no understanding of self worth and life management. 2. Structure government control over birth control. (Similar to China's) 3. Improved understanding of agriculture techniques, technology, and land management. 4. Education of nutrition and sanitation. 5. Any aide from foreign countries must be directed at making India self supporting. India is a Country of great wealth and potential. It is also a country of intense poverty and ignorance. I see one of the biggest problems in India being the differences. There are many different languages, religions, races, and customs. There are also many differences in the country itself. The land includes desert, thick jungles, broad plains, mountains, and tropical low lands. All these differences within one country create different needs, and different standards of living. It is however; very evident none of these differences can be addressed until the population is controlled. It is and will become even more of a problem for all the people of India, the poorest of the poor and the richest of the rich. Problem Analysis of India The country of India has been faced with many problems. They have very important short-term problems, which means less time is spent on long term problems. Natural World disasters, wars, drought, and other major problems are more important to these people than such things as over population, pollution, literacy rate and their currency. In this essay I will state the major problems hassling this country. I will give as many statistics as possible, try to decide how to improve these problems, and how we as a developed country, can contribute and help this one billion-person country grow strong. India is the seventh largest country in the World. Approximately 14.5% of the Worlds population live in India. There are more people in India than there are in North and South America together. There is a great diversity in the people of India. Some have great wealth. Others have only a few cents a day to survive on, and a great percentage of the people are homeless. While some attend University and benefit from free education, many more sleep in the streets and have never gone to school. India has many natural resources. It was once thought of as a very wealthy country. There is farmland and ore. The standard of living is very low, partially because these resources have not been fully developed. Living conditions deteriorate yearly because of the huge population growth. A few statistics that give us some idea of the crowded living conditions and standard of living: Life expectancy in India in 1965 was 45 years and in 1883, 53 years. Compared to this Canada was 72 in 1965, and 75 in 1983. The Towards Tomorrow text book said, â€Å"China has 7% of the World's arable land. Canada has 3% but only.5% of the World's people. In China this equals 1/10 of a hector per person. This is 1/9 of the amount in the U.S.A. and  ½ the amount in India† (1987, pg. 42,) The birth rate of India in 1983 was 34 and the death rate was 14. The population growth of 2%, even with extensive birth control efforts has remained the same. It is difficult to exert pressure on the people due to the democratic political system. The population of India is second only to China. The population in 1901 was 238,396,000. The population in 2003 is projected to be 1,069,021,000. If this rate continues without enforcement of birth control, India's population will be more than China's by 2040. There are 777 people per square mile. This country cannot sustain its people. Education, a necessity for population control, is encouraged. There is free schooling for children 6-14 but because they do not have the money to build schools and train teachers, 70% of the population are illiterate. Most children drop out of school by age 11. India ranks fifth among the World's nations in total farm area. Large Indian farms belong to landlords who hire workers. New land reforms have come in giving farmers the right to own their own land. This seemed like a positive step but because of Hindu inheritance customs, the land must be divided among all a man's sons. The share has become too small to provide a living. As a result many families move to urban areas where many live on the streets. This introduces yet another problem. Because of lack of space people take turns sleeping, food is prepared on the floor, people bath and shave in public. There are no windows or chimneys for fresh air and the water supplies are limited. Disease and death run wild. Most Indian people do not eat well. Bread makes up most of their diet. The country has a high death rate because of poor living conditions and diet. Again, the government has taken great steps to fight disease, but as with education, they cannot keep up with the number of clinics and medical personnel needed. Even with its many exports of cotton, peanuts, rice, tea, tobacco, brass, silverware, iron, and leather goods, India is a very poor nation. The average income in India is less than eighty dollars a year. When India became independent from Great Britain, the government had plans to raise the standard of living. Industrial production increased, farm production increased, and even with the huge population explosion the standard of living improved. India pays for it's economic improvements but depends on grants and loans from other countries to buy goods and machinery. All these efforts however fall short of the countries needs. A solution put forth was to grow high yielding wheats. India had great success. It expanded its wheat output from 10 to 26 million tons from 1964 to 1992. In the early 1980's they achieved 35 million tons. This enabled them to dispense with wheat imports. The Towards Tomorrow textbook said, â€Å"Cities say the increase in grain production have been achieved at the expense of social justice. Rich farmers have gained the most. The gap between the rich and poor has widened as a result.† (1987, pg. 102) India's land is divided into four areas says the World Book Encyclopedia, â€Å"14% of the land is irrigated, 41% is non irrigated farmland, 19% is forest land and 26% is barren land.† (1999, vol.10, pg.124) The chief crops grown are rice, wheat, cotton, and nuts. Agriculture provides one half of India's national income. India does not grow enough food to give its people a proper diet. This is partially due to inefficient farming methods and poor equipment. The World Book Encyclopedia says, â€Å"India's foreign trade is over two billion dollars a year. The volume of the imports is much greater than that of the exports.† (1983, vol. 10, pg.106) India has one of the largest economies in the World in terms of its GDP. India is considered as a developing country, however, because it has such a large population that the GDP is very low per capita. It is considered one of the poorest countries in the World. In review there are several solutions that could help India deal with its population crisis and declining standard of living. They are, 1. Improved education, so people can move beyond a â€Å"peasant existence† with no understanding of self worth and life management. 2. Structure government control over birth control. (Similar to China's) 3. Improved understanding of agriculture techniques, technology, and land management. 4. Education of nutrition and sanitation. 5. Any aide from foreign countries must be directed at making India self supporting. India is a Country of great wealth and potential. It is also a country of intense poverty and ignorance. I see one of the biggest problems in India being the differences. There are many different languages, religions, races, and customs. There are also many differences in the country itself. The land includes desert, thick jungles, broad plains, mountains, and tropical low lands. All these differences within one country create different needs, and different standards of living. It is however; very evident none of these differences can be addressed until the population is controlled. It is and will become even more of a problem for all the people of India, the poorest of the poor and the richest of the rich.