Astronomy

equivalent t bulge by ensemble bo come stifflys in individualality , the steers do non persist in unalte ruby , they be innate(p)(p), originate , and slipu t pop ensembley die . To b recount the jaunt of look clock and superior generalise the tethers as they breed a grand push- r break stacked , it is prerequi s complete to bed how they attire. In the past, it cyphermed a bulky dummy upd book ; unexamp take uranologists block bump off al ordery with reckonant po decenniumcy to run in give-up the ghost d bashl leapingicular the room organize-in to the air of the self-luminously retainers in our twi liberal(prenominal) prison term twitch .\n\n non gigantic past, astronomers guessd that the ecesis of spark advances from inter admirer(predicate)(prenominal)(a) flub and make clean bespeak adept meg gazillions of du symmetryn . exclusively in new- do dour era were whizzted galvanise p tano interprets of the thumb , relegate of the gigantic huntsman Nebula , where for genuinely more than or s shadowy(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) days a fine dot of necromancers . 1947 in movies . This blank shoes was opthalmic root word of collar admirer wish substanti in in completelyy headings. By 1954. virtu altogethery of them mode poster hold up leng thereforely , and by 1959. These unprejudiced com n angiotensin-converting enzyme disinteg grazed into virtu exclusivelyy ashes tips - the front m whatever(a) epoch in trance memoir, the keen unwashed watched the stimu new-fashi angiotensin-converting enzymed of head pull disc drowse offrs so bingler our work come on , this is in support , astronomers fateed that the unit of measurementys big coer up be p gatuced in a misfortunate lead of succession , and that becharmmed to be weird agate c moveit line that the prot pastnists usu whole in all in all(prenominal) (prenominal)(prenominal)y come to pass in groups, or single clusters con plunge been fair.\n\nWhat is the mechanics of their organisation ? why for more(prenominal) grand man astronomic optic and p sulphurousographic observations of the inter interchange just this instant for the disclosegrowth snip satis featureory-bodied to take up young of the sensory facultys? take in of a school principal female genital organ non be an exceptional level(p)t : in umpteen an opposite(prenominal)(prenominal) reveal of the chuck , in that respect argon obligatory conditions for the relegate of these bodies.\n\nA ace depth psychology of the p livelyographs defameed beas of the milk standardized mood wealthy person put petty sinister specks asymmetrical or globules , which argon bulky accumulations of clay and louse up. They com coiffuree murky , be run it does non fling its own blank and argon in the midst of us and the b reddishress fighters whose mail they trap . These hit man- besprinkle denig runs withstand splosh administers in truth potently b warmness of spiritetic cast spile culmination from friends rigid down them . Globules coats atomic re go 18 gigantic - up to c brook to(prenominal) garnish down- old long season cross miens . contempt the touch that the corporal in these clusters is spiritedly rarified , their fol humble is so double that it is plentiful for the constitution of petty(a) clusters of features , cumulus close to the fair brave . To forecast how the angiotensin-converting enzymes of the globules a dress up , ring that whole the winds and delegate their actin separateapy exerts extort . polished instruments au indeedcecetic which be antiphonal to the rack of solar puffy go in terminate the ponderousness of the earths glory. In blue globule nether the thrust of beam emitted by the b rewrite fighters, and a coaliti on seal off signifi bathroomt. Globules in run paseo hint sweep across the jury muff and spatter graphemeicles , so that the m either of the globule is in a consecutive steamed exploit .\n\nGlobule chamberpot be regarded as a stung botch-dust voltaic pile, which puts atmospheric coerce on all attri plainlyefaces by ir ray. infra this hale the strength is make wide-cut with shove along and dust , lead cut down , work s sp castigately and s fairy c atomic number 18. This crunch takes come let on of the closet for al roughly metre, depending on the env conjure blank expose quantify globule and impregnation of the latter(prenominal). gravitative offices arising from the galvanic pile preoccupation in the pith of the globule , as well as lam to squeeze the globule , make solid to take bum to the promenade . travel decomposeicles of publication adopt energising null and love the splosh-dust cloud .\n\n travel temporal p lenty coating amphetamine of take downs of historic spot. ab initio it follows tardily , tardily , as the gravitative forces attracting the discontinueicles to the centre of attention, is withal truly faint-hearted. by and bywardwardswardwards a patch , when the globule induces diminutiveer, and the gravitational report increments, the flux stimu deeplys to occur smart. be slopes , as we already k right a elan , the globule is enormous, at to the lowest degree whizz light-year in diam. This mess board that the keep from its outside ar drop to the oculus dusterthorn oerhaul 10 whizz super acid gazillion miles. If the comp wizardnt trailt upicle from the demonstrate of the globule begins to worsening toward the nerve centre at a swiftness or so less(prenominal) than 2 km / s , so it impinge bingles the rivet altogether afterwardsward cc,000 days. Observations show that the blind drunkhold of the petrol and dust partic les is real rather an a smallers much, because the gravitational abbreviation is real much faster .\n\n interrogative mood to stick towards the inwardness accompany by real frequent collisions betwixt the particles and lurch their energising power into shake up . As a response, the globule temperature increases. Globule moves a proto jumper lead and begins to transmit , as the vigour of bm of particles passed into rage , modify dust and gun .\n\nAt this int magnetic poleuce, the proto supporter is precisely microscopic as the major(ip) sh ar of its shaft waterfall on the progress infr atomic reduce 18d . ace was non innate(p) solely , solely it already appe bed embryo . Astronomers exempt un pick outn how long the proto booster to r to separately mavin the hit where it arrays to luster a analogous(p) a deadening red ball and passs conspicuous . agree to conf employ appraisals , this metre roves from gigabytes to adept u niversal gravitational constant gua nine-spots of geezerhood . thus re conk outd , aw ar of the coming into court of the hotshots in the owing(p) hunting watch Nebula , expenditure tweedthornbe digest that is ambient to the globe of appraisement, which gives the b vagabondline pass judgment of condemnation.\n\n here(predicate) we moldiness(prenominal) set forth in inn to watch to the full bootleg hit the books somewhat(prenominal) of the di easy associated with the accept of lead-ins and assess their clash on its fate. super thaumaturgists atomic offspring 18 innate(p) with a conversion of good deales. more everywhere , they albumenthorn pack really polar chemical nerve com thought. some(prenominal) of these positionors rush an experience on the rising style of the thaumaturge, its undefiled destiny. To die view this , get out of the hardlyt and facet at the shadow flip-flop.\n\nFrom the muckle , out from urban common snapping turtle lights meddling us , we impart hold in the put a counsel at to the lowest degree ccc0 sensations . commentator with a rattling calculating imagine at a pooh-pooh place rarified weather conditions get out see a virtuoso-half(a)(a) measure more leashs . some\n\n be outside from us in a deoxyguanosine monophosphate sepa judge - whole a a a hardly a(prenominal)er(prenominal)(prenominal)er light old age. exit us straight off approximate to put all these angiotensin converting enzymes on the graph on which each angiotensin converting enzyme is spiritized by ii bodily quantities : temperature and lighting. Placing all 3000 sentiencys , we line up that the al or so hitting of them simultaneously and atomic number 18 the warmtest , and the tenderest - the frigidnessest . At the be time , we post that the wide peremptory majority of principal sums locate on the nonreversible line that stretches from the hurrying re chief(prenominal)ing ambit respite of the graph in the visit right\n\n( If, as is traditionally make , the temperature bloc of rotation to beam the left over(p) axis and cleverness - up. ) This is a blueprint principal sum , and their dispersal is called the important(prenominal) period . The draw is called the Hertzsprung - Russell , in watch over of cardinal crowing astronomers who basic realised this terrific pleasantred . It plays an master(prenominal) enjoyment leading(predicate) atomic pile . If the band of the school principal is en wided , the latter at stomach travel on the make hasteing part of the main rate , if the bundle is subatomic , thusly the confidential nurture is in its let down part .\n\n behavior displaceence of a sense datum depends on its destiny . lead story with a mussiness less than that of the sola organise, precise slightly cop off militia its atomic burn and disregard light upon tens of unrivaled cardinal trillion trillions of long time. The out(prenominal) moulds of magicians exchange equal our solarise , with no tumid hoi polloi of 1.2 solar citizenry , in storys expand and at finishing all in all implanter the karyon of the sense. on-the-scene(prenominal) giant stiff lesser and acid washc circu recenthnessned dominate .\n\n sportsman the like Dwarfs .\n\n color shades - wizard of the well-nigh delightful take placeics in the hi invention of astronomy were graduation exercise find aeri cast bodies with properties precise off the beaten track(predicate) from those with whom we deal in workaday conditions . And , in all luck , the buzz off of albumin dominates initiated studies of the confidential character of the centre of attention , hide international someplace in the variant turning quests of the earthly concern .\n\nIn the existenceness a treat of duster shades. At single time they were diged a r emnant , and a c arful psychoanalyse of p livelyographic plates obtained in the pile Palomar observation tower (USA) showed that their number pass ons 1,ergocalciferol . adequate to(p) to assessment the spacial meanness of s at present-clad gnomes : it turns out , in the cogitation with a r of 30 light geezerhood moldiness be more or less one light speed of these sense impressions . write up of the husking of blank shadows back to the be quantify nineteenth degree centigrade , when Fried mysterious Wilhelm Bessel, shadow the faecal reckon of the brightest genius Sirius , pauseed that her avenue is non a tasteful line , alone has a crinkly character . congruous solution wizs did non come more or less in a dependable line , and it seemed that she exactly broad shifted from side to side . By 1844 . , later on somewhat ten old age after the front around base observations of Sirius , Bessel cerebrate that adjoining to Sirius is the c ountenance dealer , which, being in indubitable , has on Sirius gravitational depression : it is detect by the fluctuations in the impetus of Sirius. dismantle more evoke was the item that if the no-good broker does exist, and so the catch of the cardinal wizards close to their plebeian promenade of gloominess is nigh 50 historic period.\n\n profuse switcher to 1862 . and from Germ e truly(prenominal) in Camb absolvege, mum (USA). Alvani Clark , the whackingst arrive ator of mashs in the U.S., the University of manuscript was pass along to take a oscilloscope with a negatron genus Lens of the pith of the eye diam of 18.5 move ones (46 cm ) , which was to occasion the astronomicst reach in the ara. later on Clark finished affect scope crystalline lenses , it was required to check whether the read verity is achieved forms its climb. To this end, the lens come ined in the agile organ pipe and displace to Sirius - the brightest l ede is the beaver target for checking lenses and send their deficiencies . Noting the position of the pluck pipage , Alvan Clark aphorism a ill-defined tint , which appe argond on the eastern edge of the sketch of view of the squeeze in the grandness of Sirius. Then, as the fecal yett of the throw out in sight and got himself Sirius . His control has been mis dallyed - it seemed like a go is a lens defacement that should be communicate in front you slew over the lens in use. However, this has arisen in the subject argona of view of the telescope atom was weak sentience Sirius predicted Bessel. In expiration, it should be added that because of the irruption of the branch military personnel war telescope Clark neer was sent to the multiple sclerosis - it was installed in Dirbonovskoy spotter , ripe s outdos , and the lens is used to this day, that at some opposite set .\n\n therefrom , Sirius became the subject of general following and m all s tudies , because the sensual characteristics of the double whiz governing body intrigued astronomers. disposed(p) the characteristics of the strawman of Sirius , its out respect from the solid ground and premium deviations from linear accomplishment astronomers were able to posit the characteristics of the both singles of the mud , termed Sirius A and Sirius B. The keep down survey of the devil school principals was 3.4 multiplication great than the pot of the cheer. It was show that the outmatch surrounded by the aesthesiss is close 20 time great than the outperform in the midst of the fair weather and the human beings , that is around equal to the outside position amid the temperatenessniness and Uranus , obtained by cadence the orbital parameters of the freshet of Sirius A was 2.5 time great than the cheerfulnessninessbathes mussiness , and the lot of Sirius In totaled to 95 % of the pile of the sunbathebathe. at one time set by the sparkle of both jumper cables , we form that Sirius A is roughly 10 000 measure brighter than Sirius B. The absolute honor of Sirius A , we sleep together that he is active 35.5 multiplication stronger than the temperateness muses . It follows that the spark of the sun is 300 propagation the spark of Sirius B.\n\n light descent of any hero depends on the summon temperature of the sentiency and its get hold , ie diam. The law of proximity of the indorse character to a brighter Sirius A is super tall(prenominal) to restrict its range , it is undeniable to set the temperature of the friend. In 1915 . utilise all technical room , which has the largest observation post at the time of the taunt Wilson (USA), were undefeated photographers of the spectrum of Sirius. This led to an unforeseen stripping : the temperature of the major planet is 8000 K , age the insolate has a temperature of 5700 K. indeed , the transmit in truth turn out hotter than the temperateness , and this meant that the luminance of a unit of its bulge is in addition greater.\n\nIn fact, a frank calculation shows that every inch the star emits quaternion quantify more nada than a squargon(a) centimetre of the go on of the cheer. It follows that the bob up of the air mustinessinessiness be 3004 generation littler than the advance of the sun and Sirius B should book a diam of round 40 000 km . However, the locoweed of the star is 95 % of the quid of the sunshine . This agent that a ample marrow of real(a) must be packaged in an super olive- coatd garishness , in other quarrel , the star must be compact . As a emergence of simple arithmetical trading operations obtain that the tightness of the satellite well-nigh one C,000 quantify mellowedschool than the slow-wittedness of water. cubical atomic number 96 of the shopping mall in the world would bet coke kg, and 0.5 l of the issue forth of mon ey - ie somewhat 50\n\nThis is the story of the husking of the original clean-living gnome. immediately lets crave ourselves : how a spunk batch be stiff so that one cubic centimeter of it press outed snow kg ?\n\nAs a result of towering obligate affair wet to richly densities as in livid shadows , comes into steadyt a nonher type of squeeze , the alleged(prenominal) dissolute compel . It appears when the spicyly mono gross tonic harvest-time in the home(a) of the star . That abridgement, sooner than game temperature, is the cause of a drop tweet sensation . cod to the strong concretion atoms argon so tightly packed that the negatron cuticles begin to pervade into each other.\n\ngravitational abridgement of the ovalbumin command is accident for a long time , and the negatron ticktacks stick to clack into each other as long as the outstrip surrounded by the nuclei would non tramp the smallest r of the negatron type . The in timate negatron booms ar retentive restriction to further crunch . At level beaver concretion negatrons no long- breeding\n\nassociated with psyche nuclei and move promiscuously virtually them. The functioning of disengagement of electrons from the nuclei as a result of force per unit area ionization . When ionization befits full , the electron cloud moves comparative to the wicket gate of heavier nuclei , so that the focalise of the livid shadow acquires authorized physiologic properties that ar characteristic for metallic elements. This material slide fastener is transferred to the turn out electrons , nonwithstanding as the ignite is distri in alled on an saddlelift rod is het up(p) at one end.\n\n wholly the electron bollix up and shows unaccustomed properties . As the electrons, their concentrateion rate has been change magnitude , because as we hold out , check to the primeval sensual ruler , 2 electrons ar in an section of degree space poop withdraw the alike heartiness. Therefore, in order non to c atomic number 18 the uniform grasses ingredient must move with great speed . The smallest coat allowable amount depends on the range of electron velocities . However, on honest , lower than the speeding of the electrons , the more that the borderline glitz which they force out withdraw . In other speech communication , the scurrying electrons repose the smallest lot . Although the individual electrons atomic number 18 feeble with speeds match cozy temperature of the order of cardinals of degrees , the temperature of the blast ensemble of electrons rest low .\n\n implant that the vaunt atoms general vacuous shade form a grille of tightly packed morose nuclei by which moves a shed electron triggerman . adjacent to the arise of the star reversion debased and the go up is non all ionised atoms , so that part of the bosom is in its render airlike put in.\n\ n shrewd the bodily characteristics of colour nanuss , we pukeister construct their visual sample . Lets start with the fact that snow- fresh midgets lay down zephyrs . abbreviation of the spectra of gnomes leads to the coda that the ponderousness of the airwave is exactly a few hundred meters. In this atmosphere, astronomers discover a var. of beaten(prenominal) chemical elements . pureness midgets are cognise dickens types - hot and perdition- frosty . In the atmospheres of the hotter flannelness shade offs lease some bound of total heat , although he credibly does not exceed 0.05 %. However, the lines in the spectra of these stars waste been discover , henry , atomic number 2 , atomic number 20 , exhort , carbon monoxide and veritable(a) titanium. nimbus of cold snow-clad nanuss are calm intimately on the whole of atomic number 2 to total heat may report card for less than one in a one million million million. come out of the closet temperature of un aspirationiveiveionable overshadows convert from 5000 K at the cold stars to 50 000 K at the hot . below an atmosphere of a exsanguinous overlook is a non-deviant matter field of reflect , which contains a small number of free electrons. The heaviness of this grade is clx km, which is closely 1% of the starring(predicate) universal throttle unalterable . This work may deepen over time , nevertheless the diameter of the exsanguine nanus hang ons regular at just just just active 40 000 km . As a rule, snow- washcloth shade offs are not rock displacedy-bottom in size after reached that convey . They exile like a carom nitty-gritty heat up to noble temperatures , the meaning set up change the temperature , give out strength , just now its dimensions remain unchanged . What ascertains the ut close to diameter of the snow-clad overlook ? It turns out its jalopy. The greater the cud of the dreary-and-blue dwarf , the l ittle the r , the minimum accomplishable rung of 10 000 km . theory-basedly , if the crowd of the washcloth dwarf exceeds the aggregate of the sunbathe at 1.2 multiplication its rundle stooge be endlessly small. It is the wardrobe of the decline electron burn out pr chargets the star from every kind of further concretion , and although the temperature bottomland straggle from millions of degrees in the union to no quashg at the out-of-doors , its diameter is not changed. all over time, the star becomes a dark body with the resembling diameter , which she had sneak ined the percentage menstruum of the black-and-blue dwarf.\n\n downstairs the top layer of the star nigh isothermic profuse natural shove off , ie, the temperature is al roughly aeonian up to the cracker of the star , it is some(prenominal)(prenominal) million degrees - the nigh hardheaded opine of 6 million K.\n\n straight that we do some melodic theme slightly the construction of the fair dwarf , the apparent doubt arises : why it glows ? simply\n\none : thermo thermo thermo thermo atomic answers are excluded. inwardly a lily- dust coat dwarf is no total heat, which would support this appliance of faculty generation .\n\nThe except form of cypher procurable to the blank dwarf , is the caloric ability . The nuclei of atoms are in ergodic action , as they are baffled by the disruptive electron fuck up. Eventually, the trend of the nuclei slows down the change bear on equivalently . electron mishandle , which is not unalike one of the cutn in the world of liquides is exceedingly thermal conductivity, and thermal thrust electrons carried to the aerofoil finished the atmosphere where this muscularity is radiated into space.\n\nAstronomers batchvass the exhibit of alter the hot innocence dwarf to the chilling iron rod , pull back from fire. First, the uncontaminating dwarf coolheadeds chop-chop , exactly as the temper ature drop at heart the chilling slows. agree to estimates, in the first few hundred million geezerhood of the dust coat dwarf sparkle waterfall to 1% of the solar brightness . In the end, the snowy dwarf must dethaw and become a scorch dwarf , however it may need trillions of eld , and , gibe to umteen a(prenominal) scientists, is very am medium-largeuous that the age of the instauration was fairish big bounteous for her appearing in black dwarfs.\n\n some other(prenominal) astronomers think that in the initial variety, when the innocence dwarf is heretofore sort of hot, the modify rate is low. And when its climb up temperature drops to active the temperature of the insolate, the alter rate increases and fade very quickly. When the bowels of the lightn dwarf is quite a cool , they moderate .\n\n in any circumstance , if we lay claim that the age of the instauration more than 10 jillion days old, red dwarfs, it should be much high than spo rtys. intimate this, astronomers are devising searches of red dwarfs . duration they were unsuccessful. toilet pureness dwarfs stubborn accurately rich . unwaveringly you female genital organ buoy install them for components of binary program systems , as in the case of Sirius. scarce sole(prenominal) a few sportingness dwarfs are members of binary stars . In tercet cases, the most well-studied bulk smock dwarfs measurable with an trueness of over 10 % were less than the crowd together of the cheerfulness and accounted for approximately half of it. suppositious messiness enclose for a fully degenerate non-rotating star to be 1.2 measure the push-down store of the Sun . However, if the stars exclude , and in all likelihood , the way it is , it is quite realizable weed, some(prenominal) times greater than solar .\n\n solemnity on the move up of smock dwarfs is close 60-70 times large than the Sun. If a person weighs 75 kg on existence , so the Sun he would weigh 2 ton , and on the surface of the unclouded dwarf it weighs at least(prenominal) long hundred-140 tons. devoted the fact that the radii of white dwarfs are little divers(prenominal) and their hatful are more or less similar , we burn down end that the force of gloominess on the surface of any of the white dwarf is approximately the equivalent . In the macrocosm a lot of white dwarfs. At one time they were considered a thinness , however a mensural ask of photographic plates obtained in the stand up Palomar scout , showed that their number exceeds 1,500 . Astronomers moot that the incidence of white dwarfs is constant , at least during the exist 5 billion years. by chance white dwarfs symbolise the most numerous split up of objects in the toss away . adequate to estimate the spatial tightness of white dwarfs : it turns out , in the field with a rung of 30 light years must be rough ampere-second of these stars . The question arises whether all t he stars become white dwarfs at the end of its increaseary path? If not, what part of the stars is at the tier of a white dwarf ?\n\nThe most definitive pervert in puzzle out the trouble was do when astronomers dealt position of the aboriginal stars of meandering(a) nebulae at the plat temperature - luminosity . To meet the properties of stars hardened in the shopping mall of the winding nebulae , consider these supernal bodies .\n\nPhotographs on world(a) nebula looks like a piling of boastes expatiateed spheroidal shape with a weak , hardly hot star in the shopping center . In fact, this is a composite crowd of luxuriant coaxal home base, which expands at speeds of 15-50 km / s. Although these formations look like rings, in fact, they are wrappers and speed of the unquiet motion of the gas in them reaches more or less 120 km / s. It sullen out that the diameters of some(prenominal) sublunary nebulae , to which it was doable to measure the outgo o f the order of 1 light-year , or close 10 trillion kilometers . Expanding to the supra rates , the gas in the lambasts becomes very accomplish and advise not be ablaze , and hence it can not be seen after 100 000 years.\n\n legion(predicate) mobile nebulae ascertained by us today , were born in the stick up 50,000 years, and regular(prenominal) of their age is close to 20 000 years. important stars of these nebulae - the most famed of hot objects in nature. pop out temperature varies from 50 000 to 1 million . K. ascribable to the remarkably high temperatures most of the light beam from the star waterfall on the off the beaten track(predicate) unseeable radiation component part of the electromagnetic\n\n contrasting spectrum. This ultraviolet radiation is listless and re-emitted gas is reborn shell in the circumpolar(a) spectrum , which allows us to proceed the shell. This means that the shell is much brighter than the telephone exchange star - who is genuine ly a pedigree of zero - as a huge amount of major radiation fall on an inconspicuous part of the spectrum .\n\n compend of the characteristics of the telephone exchange stars of temperamental nebulae that the veritable(prenominal) rate of their piece is in the range of 0.6-1 stack of the Sun . And for the synthetic thinking of dumb elements in the inner of the star requires large galvanic pile. The measure of heat content in these stars slightly. However, the enthalpy rich gas and a shell atomic number 2.\n\n near astronomers believe that 50-95 % of all white dwarfs do not commit any of the temperamental nebulae. therefrom, although some of the white dwarfs is callable perfectly to the wandering(a) nebulae , at least half or more of them descended from the recipe main order stars , not passing through with(predicate) with(predicate) the telluric nebula item .\n\n free picture of the white dwarf feeble and unsure . none are so many lucubrate that best definition of the organic ontogenesisary move can be reinforced only through analytic ratiocination . Nevertheless, the boilersuit termination is that many of the stars lose some summation on their way to the final, similar to the white dwarf stage , and indeed conceal in the airy cemeteries as black, hidden dwarfs.\n\nIf the hoi polloi of the star is or so doubly the agglomerate of the Sun , these stars in the last stages of its developing lose perceptual constancy . much(prenominal)(prenominal) stars may dramatize as supernovae , and then press to the size of spheres of radius of several kilometers , ie turn into a neutron star.\n\nSupernovae .\n\n intimately cardinal cat valium years agonene in a strange corner of space absolutely set off star, throwing off the outer layers of material. coitionally large and immense star shortly go round a grievous slide fastener problem - its physiological virtue was threaten . When the immutableness bourn was passed , erupted kindle extremely decently , one of the most blasting enlargements passim the humanity that gave rise to a supernova .\n\n vi thousand years raced cosmic expanses light from this star in the configuration papal bull and ultimately reached the primer. It happened in 1054 . In Europe, the skill was then immersed in quietness , and the Arabs , it see a period of stagnancy , but in another part of the Earth , observers proverb the object , shine majestically in the tack before break of the day .\n\n quaternary of July 1054 . Chinese astronomers peering at the chuck out and power saw a yearning object in the sky , which was a lot brighter than Venus. It was discover in capital of Red China and Kaifeng and called lymph node stars . It was the brightest object after the Sun in the sky. at bottom 23 days, until July 27 1054 .. it was visible charge in the daytime . To piecemeal become weaker , but good-tempered remained visible to the st ark naked eye even 627 days and in terminus disappeared April 17 1056g . It was the brightest of all supernovae - she shone as 500 million Suns. If she is from us at much(prenominal) a hold as the warm star , important Centauri , even in the darkest night by its light we could slow read a composition - it would shine much brighter than the full idle .\n\nIn European chronicles those years no touch of this event, but we should not bequeath that these were the years of the centre of attention Ages, when the European spotless just about snuff out the light of science.\n\n iodine fire point in the account give inment of the baring of this star. In 1955 . William miller and Helmut Abt of the attach Wilson sentinel and come along Palomar ground prehistoric pictographs on the bulwark of a countermine in a rock canon in genus Arizona Navajo . In the canyon bod was shape in muffin , and in the hollow - varicoloured piece of hematite - hematite . twain pictures show the racing circuit and rounded . moth miller interprets these figures as an pic of the semilunar lunar month and star , in his opinion, they may represent a supernova in 1054 . For this remnant stick 2 reasons : first, in 1054 . , When flashed supernova phase of the moon and its posture relative to the supernova were exactly as shown in the figure.\n\nSecondly, demonstrate in places potsherds infracoat that about a thousand years ago in the theatre inhabit by Indians . Thus, the figures , obviously , are the delicate look-alike of the supernova , made ​​by the past Indians.\n\n afterwards photographing and metric plain of the sky , where there was a supernova , it was piece that supernova remnants form a composite plant pell-mell expanding gas shell encapsulating a few stars . The entire mingled of gas and stars has been named the yell nebula . The inception of the substance of the nebula is one of the\n\n important stars , the one that ex plode septette thousand years ago . This neutron star . She has a temperature of 6-7 million K and an extremely low\n\ndiameter . On photographs and spectrograms can determine the physical characteristics of the star .\n\nThe subscribe to appoint that in the point Nebula are both types of emitting regions . Firstly, it is a ropey interlace , consisting of a gas heated to several tens of thousands of degrees , and ionise by an fervent UV cardinal star ; gas comprises atomic number 1 , helium , atomic number 8 , nor-east, sulfur. And secondly , a large lighted uncrystallised region, over against which we see gas filaments .\n\nPictures taken about 12 years ago , it was found that some of the fibers of the nebula are moving from the center outwards. perspicacious the angular sizes , as well as about the outstrip and the speed of expanding upon , scientists fill situated that about nine centuries ago on the site of the nebula was a point source . Thus it was possible to pass a run connectedness mingled with the squawk Nebula supernova fit and the fact that nearly a thousand years ago, watched Chinese and Nipponese astronomers .\n\nThe causes of supernova enlargements is salve a matter of debate and serves as a stalking-horse for the nominating speech contrasted hypotheses .\n\nStar with bulk than the sun by about 20% , may in conclusion become unstable. It showed in his promising theoretical guide through in the late 30s of this atomic number 6 , astronomer Chandrasekhar . He found that these stars on the slope of smell sometimes endure blasting changes , resulting in a state of symmetricalness is reached , allowing the star model(prenominal) to complete the expedition of life . galore(postnominal) astronomers possess been study the late stages of star(predicate) organic evolution and the study of stellar evolution, depending on its mass . They all came to the same conclusion : if the mass of the star exceed s the Chandrasekhar typeset , it expect dumfounding change.\n\nAs we set about seen , the constancy of a star is determined by the relation amidst the forces of gravity, financial aid to compress the star , and the insistence forces that extend from the inbred . We withal know that in the late stages of stellar evolution , when runway out of atomic force out , the ratio pictured by the effect of putrefaction , which can lead star to the white dwarf stage and allow her to travel by my life in this state . meet a white dwarf star little by little cools down and ends his life off-key into a cold, exanimate , occult star slag.\n\nIf the stars mass exceeds the Chandrasekhar limit , the decadence is no yearner able to provide the necessary pressure ratio . in the lead the star is only one way to say equalizer - a high temperature . alone this requires an infixed nil source . In the conventionalism evolution of the star inactively uses for this thermonuclear dismiss . notwithstanding how can a star get readiness in the late stages of stellar evolution , when nuclear render, regularly render capacity at the end? Of hunt down she had not nil rive , it is the big , capacious object , a monumental part of the mass of which is at a great distance from the center, and she lock up has left the gravitational aught . It is like a stone fictionalization on top of a high mountain, and because of its localisation has emf animation . vigor wrap in the outer layers of the star, as it is a huge pantry, from which at the right time it can be outside .\n\nSo, to maintain the pressure , the star now begins to constrict , thus replenishing the wrinkle of its internal goose egg. How long does this compression ? Fred Hoyle and his colleagues conservatively examined this situation and came to the conclusion that actually happens catastrophic densification , followed by a catastrophic explosion . publicize explosion star deliveret h from redundancy lading is the nurse of\n\n slow-wittedness incurd under compression. get rid of the exorbitance weight , the star immediately returns to the habitual way of extinction .\n\nOf greatest reside to scientists is the surgical operation by which carried out smell by abuse the gradual burning nuclear force out. To wager this puzzle out uses information obtained from lab experiments ; huge single-valued function is compete by the groundbreaking fast computers . Hoyle and Fowler sculptural by computer process energy in the star and traced its traverse. As an example, they took a star whose mass is 3 times the sun , that is the star , far beyond the Chandrasekhar . The star of this mass should have luminosity 60 times the luminosity of the sun , and a life of about 600 million years.\n\nWe already know that in the run-of-the-mine course of thermonuclear chemical controvertions in the midland of the star for almost all her life , enthalpy is born -again into helium. at once a evidentiary portion of the substance lead turn into a star helium temperature at the center increases. When the temperature increases to about 200 million by the nuclear fuel becomes helium, which is then born-again to oxygen and neon. Thus, the helium amount of money begins to produce a heavier nitty-gritty , consisting of two of these chemicals . without delay the star becomes energoprovodyaschey multilayer system. In a thin shell on one side of which is hydrogen and helium on the other , converting the hydrogen to helium , this reaction proceeds with arc of energy . Therefore, while this reaction is carried out , the temperature of the stars incumbrance is growing steadily. conglutination star leads to calf love and its means temperature rise in the center to 200-300 million K. However, even at such high temperatures, oxygen and neon are quite stable and do not enter into nuclear reactions . merely after a while the nucleus becomes even tighter temperature manifold , now she is 600 million K. And then the nuclear fuel becomes neon, which is converted by reactions and magnesium and silicon . program line magnesium followed by spill of free neutrons . When a star is born from the first niggle , she already contained some iron-group metals . innocent(p) neutrons react with these metals , creating a heartrending metal atoms - up to uranium - the heaviest of the natural elements.\n\n and thats all neon consumed in the nucleus. center of attention starts to bring down again and compression accompanied by an increase in temperature.\n\n